Marin Biofeedback
1925 Francisco Blvd. E. #12 San Rafael, Ca. 94901
(415) 485-1342
Fax (415) 485-1348
Skype: crkerson
Marin Biofeedback specializes in many different forms of biofeedback and neurofeedback.
What is ADD / ADHD?
ADD and ADHD are currently the most commonly diagnosed learning
disabilities. The most prevalent symptom is the inability to sustain focused
attention. Impulsivity, hyper focus, unpredictability and hyperactivity are also
very common.
According to the DSM IV, there are three types. They are:
* ADHD with the combined characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity and
impulsivity,
* ADHD with inattention as the primary characteristic, and
* ADHD with hyperactivity and impulsivity as predominant characteristics.
It is still unclear how many people suffer from ADD symptoms. The most accepted estimate is
3-5% of school-age children. Often, there are one to three children in a classroom of thirty
students with ADD.
A recent study by the National Institute of Mental Health
found Ritalin helps 82-85 percent of ADHD children. It also found the results are not long-lasting.
If you want more information about Ritalin, see www.breggin.com/ritalin.html
When given these amphetamine-type medications, the brain cells begin working at
the more optimal brain wave profile. This can also be accomplished with
neurofeedback, and the neurofeedback results are usually permanent.
Captain's Log Neurocognitive Enhancement Training
The Captain's Log is a computerized cognitive enhancement training system that can be programmed to accommodate the learning needs of the trainee. We set the training program and allow the trainee to use it in conjunction with the neurotherapy. While the neurotherapy reorganizes the brain, the Captain's Log exercises the changes, offering faster results.
How Can Biofeedback, Neurofeedback and the Interactive Metronome Help?
Biofeedback protocols include relaxation techniques to help settle a person with hyperactive tendencies. This would include EMG training, EDA training (electrodermal activity) and heart rate training (Heart rate variability)
ADD and ADHD symptoms may be caused by chemicals in the brain not working properly. Because this system isn't working optimally, the brain wave profile is effected. The two most common sites in the brain for this are the left frontal lobe and the sensorimotor strip.
Beta and SMR training are the most common protocols for ADD and its symptoms. Beta training usually consists of setting sensors on the left frontal part of the scalp and suggesting a frequency pattern that incorporates a high percentage of beta waves (12.5 - 40 Hz). SMR training is the relaxation training that enables a hyperactive-type to settle down.
The Interactive Metronome is a device that helps one to synchronize and put into phase their cognitive, motoric and sensory systems. Often these systems are compromised when the brain is struggling to function as efficiently as possible. It is an excellent tool for auditory and visual processing issues, as well as attentional and peak performance training. The protocol calls for 15 sessions where the client claps or taps to a tone, trying to hit the beat precisely. Please refer to interactivemetronome.com for more information. This system can be rented for home use.
What are Addiction Disorders?
Addiction Disorders run a very large gamut, from alcohol and substance abuse to cigarette smoking to internet and relationship addictions to gambling. An addiction is considered to be any compulsively repeated behavior which will negatively impact the biological, social, psychological or spiritual life of an individual.
Dopamine is a neurochemical that is associated with mood and affect. It is constantly released at a slow and regular pace. When ingesting a drug that stimulates dopamine production, we reduce the natural production of dopamine. The more we ingest, the less dopamine we produce naturally. Alternatively, if our natural production levels are low - for any number of reasons, including genetic, when we take a drug that stimulates dopamine production, we will bring the levels to within a normal range. Either situation can create an addiction. In the case of normal production being lowered, the endogenous production levels will remain reduced unless the drug is removed. This is because the levels are being subsidized by the drug. In the case of the drug raising an existing low-production rate, the level will drop when the drug isn't in the system. In any event, the dopamine levels are skewed and the body becomes addicted to the drug in order to maintain a normal level.
How Can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Help?
Since the basis for addiction disorders lies in the central nervous system and more specifically in the dopamine production within the mesolimbic part of the brain, it seems natural that neurofeedback could help. In the late 80's, Peniston and Kulkowsky developed a protocol called Alpha/Theta training. They treated recovering alcoholics with this neurofeedback training and temperature training. A 13-month follow-up indicated no relapse in alcoholics that completed the alpha-theta brainwave training sequence. The controls showed an increase of serum beta-endorphin which is an indicator of stress, while the experimental group did not. In other studies, this and other similar protocols resulted in a decrease in depression, hysteria and/or social introversion. Additionally, SMR training can also be done.
Resources:
www.moderation.org Moderation Management
www.nida.nih.gov/PODAT/PODATindex.html
Saxby E, Peniston EG, Journal of Clin Psychol 51 (5): 685-693 (Sep 1995)
What is Anger?
People express anger in many ways. In fact, it's important to express anger because it has been shown that unreleased anger can be the origin for many serious diseases. It is when the anger cannot be controlled and is expressed violently that we have reason for concern. Violence, aggression, road rage and loss of control are common forms of anger negatively expressed. When one is in an uncontrollable rage, he/she is also in what is called the flight/fight reflex. This reflex was designed for us many thousands of years ago, when stressors were sudden and life threatening. Once the stressor was mediated, our bodies returned to normal. But, since stressors are more chronic in today's world, we remain in the flight/fight reflex for much longer periods of time than our bodies are designed to handle. Not being able to return to a calmer state predisposes us to anger mismanagement.
How Can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Help?
Often the underlying cause for the anger is the real issue. EDA training, EMG training and relaxation training are very effective biofeedback training methods. These modalities help the client to control their physiological responses to stressful and anger provoking situations. Being in a lowered state of arousal will often inspire the client to be insightful and explore the issues that predispose anger and rage.
Because there can be many different causes, it is important to do a brain map before doing neurofeedback. Once evaluated, the brain map is an invaluable tool to help design the protocol that is best for the client. Beginning with SMR training, to start sending calming messages from the brain to the body, is common. Once the client feels as though they can manage the anger physiologically, other protocols can be used.
Resources:
Change Your Brain, Change Your Life: The Breakthrough Program for Conquering Anxiety, Depression, Obsessiveness, Anger, and Impulsiveness;
Daniel G. Amen, Random House ISBN 0-8124-2996-5
Letting Go of Anger : The 10 Most Common Anger Styles and What to Do About Them; Ron Potter-Efron, Pat Potter-Efron, Ronald T. Potter-Efron, Patricia S. Potter-Efron (Contributor), New Harbinger Publishers ISBn 1-57224-001-6
www.queendom.com/tests/personality/anger_access.html
Biofeedback Neuro-Muscular ReEducation
What is Biofeedback Neuro-Muscular ReEducation?
When an area is injured, whether it is a muscle, connective tissue, fascia, tendon, or some combination of these elements (as most injuries are), the body handles this inflammatory response of the tissue to trauma the only way it knows how--through a hyperplasia (cell regrowth) of the injured tissue. This is followed by fibrous healing and the laying down of a less elastic second-grade, poorly vascularized scar tissue, also known as an adhesion. The body does this to protect the involved area to further limit tissue damage. Adhesions form whenever damage and inflammation have occurred but they limit both strength and range of motion.
Pain symptoms arise because the soft muscle and tendon hyperplasic regrowth are unable to perform the physiological tasks necessary to keep them flexible. Additionally, as a muscle stretches and relaxes, its need for fluids is mediated. If it doesn’t relax regularly, lactic acid and neurotoxins build up, causing more inflammation. The inflammation will compress or pinch a nerve, another cause of pain. Additionally, blood flow is cut off, creating yet a bigger blockage and a vicious cycle prevails.
How can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback help?
Biofeedback neuromuscular reeducation (BNR) consists of designing and practicing biomechanical exercises while hooked up to a computer. The computer reading is necessary because the area where the pain is felt is not always where the injury has occurred. We can then analyze posture and/or movement enabling us to retrain the muscle groups affected. These exercises build healthier muscle and create new neuropathways from the brain. This rehabilitates the muscle group affected thereby increasing mobility and promoting pain free, healthy tissues. BNR is an excellent adjunct to conventional orthopedics, acupuncture and physical therapy for acute and chronic pain conditions, further enhancing the therapeutic process.
Biofeedback teaches you new ways of using and moving your body. You will become more acquainted with the subtle changes in your physiology, when you change a posture or position while working, during breaks or resting. This alleviates additional stress on the injured area.
The electromyograph, or EMG, strain gauge and heart rate sensors are used. The heart rate and strain gauge together help to determine your normal breathing pattern and then train you into a more optimal one. This is valuable in maintaining a relaxed and alert state, thus avoiding future injury. The EMG sensors show where and when the painful muscle groups are relaxed and stressed. Often times, the feeling of relaxation is incongruent with what is actually occurring within the muscle group. This is because the stressful feeling becomes the norm. Through careful study and work, you will be able to see how to control the injured area in order to facilitate healthy cell regrowth and functioning.
After some careful work with the painful muscle groups, we, at Marin Biofeedback, sometimes do neurofeedback, or brain wave biofeedback, to aid in the process of keeping the muscles relaxed. This entails the use of Sensory Motor Rhythm or
SMR training. SMR training is the uptraining of specific wave frequencies in the Sensory Motor Strip or central part of the brain. This part of the brain is responsible for communicating to the muscular and skeletal systems. When the proportion of the different frequencies of brain waves is not optimal, the communication between the brain and the motor systems of the body becomes skewed, thus exacerbating the chronic dysfunction of the muscle group that is in pain. SMR training can also aid in sleeping and creates a calming state.
Once the muscles remain in a state of relaxation for an extended period of time, they are able to repair themselves. The inflammation subsides and the muscles, tendons and joints no longer have undue pressure because the buildup of lactic acid and neurotoxins declines. Then the process of stretching and relaxing becomes painless. And as with any situation, the more relaxed you are, the better able you are to handle it.
When I started biofeedback, I had memory and cognitive processing issues and paralysis on the left side of my body due to a work injury. The neurofeedback improved my memory and thinking. With the biofeedback, I had a total breakthrough in the paralysis on the left side of my body. The repetitious hand/arm exercises established strength and better function. The muscle movement pattern got better with each session. Both Cindy and Teresa helped me very much. I believe both forms of biofeedback are a necessity for anyone who has had a mild brain injury and/or muscular injury.
G.F., Novato, CA.
References:
http://www.montana.edu/wwwebm/Archives/AltDare12.htm
http://www.wellnesswurks.com/therapies.html
What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome occurs when tendons or ligaments in the wrist become
enlarged, often from inflammation. The narrow tunnel of bones and ligaments in the wrist pinches the nerves that reach the fingers and the muscles at the base of the thumb. The first symptoms usually appear at night. Symptoms range from a burning, tingling numbness in the fingers, especially the thumb and the index and middle fingers, to difficulty gripping or making a fist, to dropping things. Some cases of carpal tunnel syndrome are due to work-related cumulative trauma of the wrist. Diseases or conditions that predispose to the development of carpal tunnel syndrome include pregnancy, diabetes, and obesity.
This was copied from the following public-domain site: www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/carpal_doc.htm#What_is_Carpal_Tunnel_Syndrome
The above site also notes that Carpal tunnel syndrome is often treated by immobilizing the wrist in a splint to minimize or prevent pressure on the nerves. If that fails, patients are sometimes given anti-inflammatory drugs or injections of cortisone in the wrist to reduce the swelling. There is also a surgical procedure in which doctors can open the wrist and cut the ligament at the bottom of it to relieve the pressure. However, only a small percentage of patients require surgery.
How Can Biofeedback Help?
Biofeedback training incorporates hand temperature training and EMG training. The hand temperature training is a valuable tool because it teaches the client how to warm their hands in order to encourage blood flow. Being able to increase or decrease blood flow to the inflamed area can help relieve the pressure and pain. Also, EMG training is helpful in determining where and when the pain actually resides. With this knowledge, the client can take precaution when using or resting the wrist. SMR training is also very helpful in creating an overall calming state.
Resources:
The Repetitive Strain Injury Handbook; Robert M. Simon, M.D. & Ruth Aleskovsky. Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-5930-X
The Repetitive Strain Injury Recovery Book; Deborah Quilter, Deborah Quitter, Robert E. Markison, Walker and Company ISBN 8-8027-7514-4
Chronic Fatigue and Fibromyalgia
What is Chronic Fatigue?
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is the medical term for a grouping of symptoms that include severe fatigue, weakness, fever, sore throat and lymph nodes, confusion, depression, and a reduced ability to concentrate. These symptoms can last for years. At one time CFS was known as the "yuppie flu," because it was initially identified most commonly among young professional persons. First reports of CFS appeared in the mid-1980s. At that time many physicians were dismissive of patients' complaints, but recent research has confirmed variations in basic bodily functions of people with CFS. The Epstein-Barr herpes virus is often present in persons with these symptoms, but researchers have ruled out this virus as the cause, which remains unknown. Some theories on the cause of CFS include a reactivation of childhood viruses, abnormally activated cytokines (cells that amplify the immune system when a virus enters the body), low amounts of hormones, and brain inflammation. Treatment thus far has mainly been directed toward relief of symptoms, and may include analgesics, antiviral drugs, and low doses of different types of antidepressants. In addition, patients can learn to schedule activities at times when they tend to have more energy (Groliers Encyclopedia 2000).
Chronic Pain is a debilitating condition that effects over 75 million people in the United States each year. Current research is centered around different aspects of the condition, including the gate theory. The gate theory suggests that pain occurs because of messages sent to the brain which stimulate pain transmitters. When the pain message center within the brain has malfunctioned, it sends inappropriate messages. For reasons still unknown, these pathways become permanently changed, causing the feeling of pain to be chronic. This doesn't mean that the pain isn't real - it is very much so. But, the pain is actually emanating from neurological centers, as opposed to actual trauma to the body.
What is Fibromyalgia?
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a disorder that is characterized by widespread muscle pain, fatigue, muscle stiffness, and nonrestorative sleep. It is often responsible for overall poor memory, abnormal brain waveforms found in deep sleep, low levels of some hormones, and myofascial pain among other symptoms. There can be food allergies and sensitivities to chemicals odors and light. Additionally, as chronic pain continues to change aspects of the person's nervous system it also makes changes in the person's thought process. People with FMS can change quickly from a rational thinker to what is known as the fibromyalgia fog, often without realizing it is happening. Fibromyalgia causes achiness similar to the achiness during a flu. The muscles feel pulled or strained and have a burning sensation. One out of 3 people have FMS; more women than men have it.
How Can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Help?
Incorporating biofeedback and neurofeedback is indicated with people who suffer from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia. The most common protocol is the EMG training, coupled with SMR training. This is because relaxing the muscle groups along with modifying the brain wave pattern will reprogram the pain message pathways. The brain will no longer send messages that pain exists and the muscles will become reeducated to remain relaxed. general relaxation training is also indicated, where one trains heart rate variability and relaxation breathing with capnometry.
Resources:
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Myofascial Pain: A Survival Manual (2nd Edition); Devin J. Starlanyl, Mary Ellen Copeland, New Harbinger Press ISBN 1-57224-238-8
Taking Charge of Fibromyalgia; Julie Kelly, M.S., R.N., and Rosalie Devonshire, B.A., M.S.W., LISW
Edited by Thomas J. Romano, M.D., Ph.D, FACP, FACR, Abbott Northwestern Hospital
ISBN 0-9665774-0-X
www.fmnetnews.com/pages/researchPack.htm
What is Depression?
Depression is a mood disorder. There are two types; they are unipolar and bipolar. Unipolar depression is marked by a low state of sadness, indecisiveness, feelings of despair, lack of energy, low self-worth and/or guilt. Bipolar depression is interspersed with periods of mania or euphoria. The manic state includes feelings of elation, hyperactivity and delusions of grandeur. In extreme cases, depression and mania can cause psychotic symptoms. Depression is either endogenous or exogenous. Endogenous depression is responding to internal factors, while exogenous depression is a response to an external event. Brain chemistry is greatly effected by depressive and manic phases, including changes in serotonin and norepinephrine.
We all experience feelings of sadness and happiness, but depression and mania symptoms disrupt our lives. The DSM IV denotes that either state must last at least two weeks. Some specific types of depression are S.A.D. or seasonal affective.
How Can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Help?
The brain wave profile is altered in depressives, and there are many options. These options depend on the type of depression, and its origin. Beta training and alpha/theta training are the most common. Analyzing a brain map will enable the treatment to be suited to the clients specific needs.
Resources:
Change Your Brain, Change Your Life: The Breakthrough Program for Conquering Anxiety, Depression, Obsessiveness, Anger, and Impulsiveness; Daniel G. Amen, Random House ISBN 0-8124-2996-5
Undoing Depression : What Therapy Doesn't Teach You and Medication Can't Give You; Richard O'Connor, Richard O'Conner, Berkeley Press ISBN 0-425-16679-1
www.depressionalliance.org/Contents/index.htm
www.psycom.net/depression.central.special.html
What is Hypertension?
Hypertension is the blood pressure measure of over 140/90 and under 160/110. It is the measures between normal- and high-blood pressure. Ninety percent of all hypertension is essential - or without apparent cause. It has been suggested that the cause is stress. Yet, except for a few possible tests, stress cannot be measured and therefore is often overlooked when medically diagnosing essential hypertension.
Often, people with hypertension will be put on medications to dilate their blood vessels or thin their blood volume, enabling the blood to flow more freely. If one chooses to remedy this without medication, he/she can be trained in biofeedback to warm their hand temperature and to regulate their heart rate through their breath. Both of these skills lower blood pressure because of the effect they have on vascular flow and on blood oxygen levels.
These skills also help remediate the high level of arousal felt in conjunction with the hypertension. The overall calming effect has a positive influence on the person as a whole. Valuable life changes can come about when one has learned these calming skills. Additionally, the physiologically compromised state is eliminated, leading to better physical and mental health and well being.
Usually when one has hypertensive measures, they are less efficient in mediating stress. When one has high blood pressure and stress is introduced, the stressor can become insurmountable. Consider this metaphor: You are a bucket of water that is half full when your blood pressure is in healthy range. Today, your blood pressure is high, causing the water level to rise almost to the top. Your boss gives you a deadline for a project that translates to you working 'till midnight for the rest of the week. Blood pressure rises even higher causing the water to overflow. Water is spilling everywhere. Now, imagine that your blood pressure is normal and your boss comes and announces his deadline. Your pressure rises, causing the water to rise, but not enough to overflow because the water level is lower to start with. You maintain composure and clear thinking. This helps you attend to the project more efficiently. You have it done in record time and get to enjoy a nice dinner out.
Maintaining lower blood pressure is a crucial element in supporting a calm state. The stressors won't change but you'll become more able to handle them. A half-full bucket, diet low in fats and sodium, plenty of exercise and mindful attention to your physiological state will help prevent other more catastrophic diseases.
How Can Biofeedback Help?
Physiological symptoms of essential hypertension are often constriction of the blood vessels and erratic heart rate. An indication of restricted blood vessels is a hand temperature of under approximately 80*. Erratic heart rate can be observed by paying attention to the breath and through the visual feedback during a session. When your hands are warm it is because they are filled with blood, and conversely, when they are cold, there is less blood. If there is more blood flowing in the peripheral areas, the pressure in the core area is reduced, in turn reducing the overall blood pressure measure. Through guided visualization and relaxation techniques taught in the biofeedback sessions, one can learn to keep their hands warmer.
Breath and heart rate training also aid in reducing hypertensive levels in blood pressure. Calming the heart and, through breath, regulating its rate, settle one's physiology undermining this cog in the vicious cycle of stress and hypertension.
References:
Overcoming Hypertension; Kenneth H. Cooper, M.D. Bantam Books ISBN 0-553-28937-3
Science of the Heart; Rollin McCraty, PhD, Heartmath Institute ISBN 1-879052-53-9
Stress Diet and Your Heart; Dean Ornish. Signet ISBN 0-141-17113-6
Learning disabilities (LDs) are responsible for many school and work related performance problems. They range from Dyslexia, ADD and ADHD, Developmental Expressive Disorder, Hyperlexia, Asperger Syndrome, Autism, Developmental Disability (DD) and auditory and visual perception problems, among others. Approximately 20% of the U.S. population has a form of learning or developmental disorder. According to the National Center for Learning Disabilities, more than 2.5 million school-age children suffer from LDs and/or are DD. They also conclude that almost half the parents that suspect their child has a LD or is DD will wait a year before acknowledging their child has a serious problem. Early signs of learning disabilities include delays in speech and listening, inability to reason and integrate thoughts, slow progress in reading, writing and spelling and memory deficits. These disabilities are mirrored in the brain's bioelectrical system. Many of them are easily recognized with a brain map because the electrical profile is often a biological meter of the diagnosis. Because learning disabilities are comorbid with other syndromes, the combination of the brain map and a full neuropsychological battery will aid in the design of the individual's treatment.
Captain's Log Neurocognitive Enhancement Training
The Captain's Log is a computerized cognitive enhancement training system that can be programmed to accommodate the learning needs of the trainee. We set the training program and allow the trainee to use it in conjunction with the neurotherapy. While the neurotherapy reorganizes the brain, the Captain's Log exercises the changes, offering faster results.
How Can Neurofeedback Help?
Because learning disabilities are neurological in origin, the implications for neurofeedback are many. Often the brain waves are misdirected, over- or under-communicative, disproportionate or too low or high in amplitude. There are many different profiles for ADD alone. The most common one is what is known as 'frontal slowing'. This means that there is an overabundance of the slower theta waves in the frontal lobes, causing a fuzzy thinking state, hence the inability to focus. Because there are so many different profiles, a brain map is essential.
Resources:
Learning Disabilities : Theories, Diagnosis, and Teaching Strategies; Janet W. Lerner
Learning Outside the Lines : Two Ivy League Students with Learning Disabilities and ADHD Give You the Tools for Academic Success and Educational Revolution; Jonathan Mooney, David Cole, Simon and Shuster ISBN 0-684-8698-X
www.angelfire.com/ny/Debsimms/add.html#LD
What is Meditation Enhancement?
Many of us meditate, some able to remain thoughtless and peaceful for longer periods of time than others. But, what happens within our physiology when our minds are being still? Often, some systems will respond positively while others will respond negatively. The goal is to find how each one responds and optimize where necessary. If our physiological and our emotional states are at peace simultaneously, there is a richness and regeneration that cannot be attained otherwise.
How Can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback help?
Most all of the biofeedback modalities are utilized in order to see into the physiological state of the meditator during meditation. Additionally, alpha/theta and bliss training can be used to enhance the meditative state.
What is Mind-Body Awareness?
Mind-body awareness is the coming to consciousness the connection between the mind/brain and the emotion/heart. What happens to your body when you get anxious, peaceful, tired or stressed? What happens in your mind when your body is at peace, or in turmoil? You can make the connection so that each is working in synch with the other. We call this "Consciousness Training - being aware of being aware."
The body responds to emotional distress. It remembers it within each molecule in its body. It can be observed in posture, mannerisms and temperament. Through observation of one's somatic disposition, connections to emotional memories can be established.
How Can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Help?
Mind-body awareness training explores the connection between the physiological aspect and the emotional/cognitive and spiritual aspect. Alpha/theta training, Bliss training and relaxation training will be used. Because this type of training is very specialized, the protocols will be individually designed for each client.
References:
A General Theory of Love; Thomas Lewis, M.D., Fari Amini, M.D. & Richard Lannon, M.D.Vintage Books ISBN 0-375-70922-3
Awakening the Spine, The Stress-Free Yoga That Works With The Body To Restore Health, Vitality and Energy; Vanda Scaravelli, Harper San Francisco ISBN 0-06-250762-3
Body Wise; Joseph Heller & William A. Henkin. Wingbow Press ISBN 0-914728-73-3
Healing and the Mind; Bill Moyers, Doubleday ISBN 0-385-47687-6
Molecules of Emotion; Candace B. Pert, Simon & Schuster ISBN 0-684-84634-9
Somatics; Thomas Hanna. Perseus Books ISBN 0-201-07979-8
What is P.T.S.D?
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (P.T.S.D.)
usually occurs about 3 to 6 months after a traumatic event. Such events
include war, death and accidents. Approximately 5.2 million people per year suffer from
P.T.S.D. Some common symptoms are reexperiencing the traumatic event,
having flashbacks of the traumatic event, symptoms of increased arousal and anxiety,
depression or irritable mood, easily getting angry, nightmares and
becoming very anxious when reminded of the traumatic event.
How Can Biofeedback
and Neurofeedback Help?
The protocols for P.T.S.D. are often the same as those
used for anxiety and
phobias.
Resources:
Change Your Brain, Change Your Life: The Breakthrough Program for Conquering Anxiety, Depression, Obsessiveness, Anger, and Impulsiveness; Daniel G. Amen, Random House ISBN 0-8124-2996-5
EMDR : The Breakthrough Therapy for Overcoming Anxiety, Stress, and Trauma; Francine Shapiro, Margot Silk Forrest
www.crufad.unsw.edu.au/selfhelp/trauma.htm
What are Phobias?
There are many types of phobias. Some include: social phobia, agoraphobia (the fear of having a panic attack), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and specific phobias. For example, bridges, dogs, snakes and dark places are common specific phobias. People with social phobias, such as fear of public speaking, may avoid such places such as schools, restaurants, and parties.
What is Anxiety?
Anxiety differs from the specific phobias mentioned above. Separation anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder are the most prevalent ones. Separation anxiety is common in children. This is the fear of being separated from loved ones, either because of fear that harm will come to them, or fear that they may not return. People with obsessive compulsive disorder are obsessed with thoughts that they must carry out compulsively. People with anxiety are in constant need of approval and reassurance. They may feign distress if their fear is suggested.
How Can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Help?
Biofeedback is an excellent treatment for anxieties and phobias. Because the physiological correlates to anxiety and phobias can be measured through the electrodermal activity, EDA training is optimal. EDA is a direct measure of anxiety. It is easy to determine whether the body is in the flight/fight response through the measure of electrodermal activity in the hands. Overall relaxation training, when doing breath work is also indicated. Systematic desensitization is commonly used while in the biofeedback setting, to be later practiced in the real situation.
There are neurofeedback protocols as well as the biofeedback techniques. Some include alpha reduction frontally, alpha/theta training and correlation training. Because everyone is unique, it is strongly recommended to have a brain map done.
References:
Anxiety and Panic Attacks : Their Cause and Cure :The Five-Point Life-Plus Program for Conquering Fear;
Robert Handly, Fawcett Books ISBN 0-449-21311-5
EMDR: The Breakthrough Therapy for Overcoming Anxiety, Stress, and Trauma; Francine Shapiro, Margot Silk Forrest
The Anxiety & Phobia Workbook; Edmund J.Bourne, New Harbinger Publications ISBN 1-57227-223-X
www.fiu.edu/~capp/#Child%20Anxiety%20&%20Phobia%20Problems
www.mentalhelp.net/poc/center_index.php?id=1
What is Reynaud's Disease?
Reynaud's disease is a disease where the response to cold or stress causes the hands, feet, nose and even ear lobes to become painfully cold, tingle, spasm and/or turn white, red then blue. A Reynaud's attack will usually end up causing numb hands, feet, etc. This is due to vascular constriction or the tightening of blood vessels. Because it is the presence of blood that creates warmth, when the blood flow is constricted, the hands become cold.
Reynaud's disease is often accompanied by other diseases such as scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Sjogren's syndrome,
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, and other forms of vascular irritation and obstruction.
The recommendation most often given is to avoid cold and cold situations such as
handling something frozen or staying next to an air-conditioning vent. However,
while avoiding cold can alleviate the symptoms for many Reynaud's sufferers, it may not
always solve the problem; emotional stress may cause episodes even in when it
is warm.
According to the Reynaud's Foundation, "approximately 5-10 percent of all Americans suffer from Reynaud's, but only one out of five sufferers seeks treatment. Both men and women suffer from Reynaud's, but women are nine times more likely to be affected. Some researchers estimate as many as 20% of all women in their childbearing years have
Raynaud's" (www.raynauds.org). While there has been a good amount of
research on this disease, it differs from Raynaud's Phenomenon, where the cause
is known.
How Can Biofeedback Help?
The symptoms of a Reynaud's attack are caused by constriction of the blood vessels. Because skin temperature training teaches the client to warm their hands through guided imagery and relaxation exercises, this encourages the blood vessels to dilate. This type of blood vessel regulation is a form of sympathetic nervous system arousal. Because the sympathetic nervous system is accessed when applying relaxation techniques, it is an indirect avenue to control of the constriction and dilation of the blood vessels. This training teaches the client to tell when the hand, foot, nose or ear is getting cold and how to warm it. The training usually takes about 10 to 15 one-hour sessions.
Resources:
The Relaxation & Stress Reduction Workbook; Martha Davis, Matthew, Ph.D. McKay, Elizabeth Robbins Eshelman, New Harbinger Publishers ISBN 1-57224-214-0
Repetitive motion injury can be found in many of the soft tissue parts of the body. In addition to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; tennis elbow, tendinitis and writers cramp are common. It is caused by spending long hours performing repeated movements with few breaks or rest periods.
Common tasks, such as computer work, playing the piano or continually working a cash register can become hazardous to the muscles and tendons active in the effort. In addition to the repetitive motion; stress, poor diet, restless sleep, and little exercise can exacerbate this painful syndrome.
The symptoms of RSI are:
Numbness or pain Lack of motor control Interrupted sleep due to pain Stiffness or coldness Hypersensitivity
These symptoms arise because the soft muscle and tendons are unable to perform the physiological tasks necessary to keep them flexible. As a muscle stretches and relaxes, its need for fluids is mediated. If it doesn’t relax regularly, lactic acid and neurotoxins build up, causing inflammation. The inflammation will compress or pinch a nerve, causing pain. Additionally, blood flow is cut off, creating yet a bigger blockage and a vicious cycle prevails.
How Can Biofeedback Help?
The first and foremost lesson in Biofeedback for just about any complaint is the breath lesson. Often we are caught in our chronically stressful worlds, unaware that our bodies are actively attempting to mediate it. It is through our breath that we can communicate to our body, suggesting it slow down. Once the breath work lowers the state of arousal, you will become more acquainted with the subtle changes created in your physiology when you change posture or position while working and during breaks and resting.
After some careful work with the painful muscle groups, we can then do neurofeedback. Once the muscles remain in a state of relaxation for an extended period of time, they are able to repair themselves. The inflammation subsides and the nerves no longer have undue pressure because the buildup of lactic acid and neurotoxins declines. Then the process of stretching and relaxing becomes painless. And as with any situation, the more relaxed you are, the better off you are. SMR training can then be very useful.
As a librarian I developed symptoms of Repetitive Stress Injury from many years of picking up books and working at computers. A series of biofeedback and neurofeedback sessions with Cindy helped me to learn to relax my face, neck and shoulder muscles, greatly easing the pain and tension. As a bonus, I sleep better, my meditation practice has improved, and I find it easier to remain calm in a stressful situation. Cindy is patient, intuitive and always supportive.
CM, San Anselmo
References:
The Repetitive Strain Injury Handbook; Robert M. Simon, M.D. & Ruth Aleskovsky. Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-5930-X
The Repetitive Strain Injury Recovery Book; Deborah Quilter, Deborah Quitter, Robert E. Markison, Walker and Company ISBN 8-8027-7514-4
What is S.A.D.?
S.A.D. or Seasonal Affective Disorder is caused by the absence or loss of natural light. The disorder is also called the winter blues because it occurs most often in the winter months when the days are shorter and often darkened by weather conditions. Historically, Americans worked outdoors, on farms or in shops where there was a larger amount of natural light. Today, we spend a much bigger part of our day indoors in offices, factories or shopping malls. In the winter months when the time we spend in natural light is reduced, we can end up in a mild to severe depression. This loss of light also effects the natural rhythms of the body, including brain waves. Some people inflicted with S.A.D. experience periods of persistent elevated mood, hyperactivity and inflated self-esteem, usually in the Spring and/or Summer months.
When daylight enters our eyes, it effects the pineal gland. This activates our endocrine system, our immune system and our nervous systems. The pineal gland regulates the production melatonin. The balance of melatonin has been proven to be a crucial element in many health related studies.
How Can Neurofeedback help?
Neurofeedback in conjunction with light therapy
can be quite effective. There are also light-type neurotherapies available. For many people, this is the main treatment for
S.A.D. and is used
often during winter, when they feel its onset. Neurofeedback protocols
for S.A.D. are similar in nature to those used with depression.
Often times, this electrical profile shows reduced levels of
beta
waves. Therefore, a beta enhancement treatment would be most effective.
Resources:
Winter Blues; Norman E. Rosenthal, Guilford Press ISBN 1-57230-395-6
www.ciesin.org/docs/001-338/001-338.html
www.mayoclinic.com/findinformation/diseasesandconditions/invoke.cfm?id=DS00195
What is a Seizure?
"A seizure is a sudden, involuntary change in behavior, muscle control, consciousness, and/or sensation. A seizure is often accompanied by an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. Symptoms of a seizure can range from sudden, violent shaking and total loss of consciousness to muscle twitching or slight shaking of a limb. Staring into space, altered vision, and difficult speech are some of the other behaviors that a person may exhibit while having a seizure. Approximately 10% of the U.S. population will experience a single seizure in their lifetime" (The Epilepsy Foundation).
There are neurological, psychological and
cardiovascular causes for seizures. Some include head injury, tumors,
stroke, migraine, extreme stress, emotional trauma, sudden blood pressure
drop, high fever, changes in hormones or electrolytes and abnormal heart
rhythms. It is best to determine the origin of the seizures with a specialist
before doing biofeedback or neurofeedback.
Recent medical research has determined that some seizure-like episodes may not be
seizures at all, but rather may be "syncope." Syncope (pronounced sing'-koh'pee) is the medical term for fainting. It is caused by a reduction in blood flow and oxygen to the brain and results in loss of consciousness and physical collapse. Syncope is often due to a treatable cardiovascular cause.
How Can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Help?
The preferred biofeedback modality depends on the
cause of the seizure. If it is cardiovascular by nature, then
heart
rate feedback will be helpful. However, whether the cause is cardiovascular
or not, neurofeedback is very effective. A
brain
map is essential to determine where the focal point(s) of the seizure are
and in what frequency range it occurs. Once determined, the protocols will be
decided and the neurofeedback treatment can begin.
Resources:
Epilepsy and Seizures: Everything You Need to Know (Your Personal Health); Donald F., Dr Weaver, Firefly Press ISBN 1-55209-452-9
Seizures and Epilepsy in Childhood: A Guide for Parents; John M. Freeman, Eileen P. G. Vining (Contributor), Diana J. Pillas (Contributor), Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0-8018-5498-9
www.mayoclinic.com/findinformation/diseasesandconditions/invoke.cfm?id=DS00342
www.medtronic.com/reveal/seizures/cause.html
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/seizures.html
What are Sleep Disorders?
There are many different sleep disorders. They include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy and Restless Legs Syndrome among others. People with insomnia cannot sleep. When sleep is disrupted because of loss of breath, this is sleep apnea. Restless Legs Syndrome effects about 10 million Americans. It causes twitching, prickling and tingling sensations in the legs, making it hard to fall asleep. Narcoleptics fall asleep suddenly at odd times during the day. 40 million people suffer from persistent sleep disorders; while, 20 million suffer from intermittent sleep problems.
Sleep is essential in restoring brain functionality on a daily basis. Sleep deprivation causes drowsiness, inability to concentrate and poor physical control. Without sleep, neurons may become so depleted in energy or so polluted with byproducts of normal cellular activities that they begin to malfunction.
Because sleep disorders can be tied to emotional well being, it is important to discern what your sleep loss symptoms are. The three main categories are: not being able to fall asleep, awakening during the night and awakening very early and not being able to fall back to sleep. Often sleep disorders are combined with anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
How can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback help?
Both biofeedback and neurofeedback will be employed when helping one to regain normal sleeping habits. Relaxation training is an important skill to teach in helping one to fall asleep at first or to fall back to sleep if awakened during the night. If the inability to fall asleep is due to anxious thoughts, EDA training is also helpful. Beta training and SMR training are considered good forms of neurofeedback training for sleep problems. In addition to biofeedback training, cortisol levels can be tested. This includes a sample of saliva at four times daily for one average day. The results are sent overnight to the lab and the results are returned in approximately one week. This testing is very valuable because the chronic stress may have compromised hormone levels that may exacerbate stress symptoms and interfere with recovery.
Resources:
No More Sleepless Nights; Peter Hauri & Shirley Linde. John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0471149047
Sleep Better!: A Guide to Improving Sleep for Children With Special Needs; Vincent Mark Durand. Paul H. Brooks Publishing ISBN 1-55766-315-7
What is Stress?
Historically, stress comprised of being chased by lions or bears. Today, stress can be many different things, ranging from traffic, family dynamics, work related problems and health issues (both yours or others), and is often unavoidable, like the traffic that you are in daily. Stress alters our physical and mental equilibrium. It is a heightened physical or mental state which is a response to change in its internal or external environment. Chronic physical illness is almost always accompanied by significant psychological effects. Equally, long-lasting psychological stress, in turn, often leads to debilitating changes in physiology.
How Can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Help?
Physiological symptoms of distress are often fast or erratic heart rate, Hypertension, fast and shallow breath, cold and/or clammy hands and excessive muscle tension, among others. These are the modalities we train most often. Biofeedback can't change the existence of the stressors, but it can teach how to cope with them and how to notice when your body is in the flight/fight response. SMR training and the alpha/theta training are common neurofeedback treatments for people who are stressed.
References:
Principles and Practice of Stress Management, 2nd ed. Ed: Paul M. Lehrer, Robert L. Woolfolk. Guilford Press ISBN 0-89862-162-3
The Relaxation and Stress Reduction Handbook 4th ed. Martha Davis, PhD, Elizabeth Robbins Eshelman, M.S.W. & Matthew McKay, PhD. New Harbinger Publications ISBN 1-879237-82-2
Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers; Robert M. Sapolsky. Barnes and Noble Books ISBN 0-7607-2214-5
What is TMD?
The term temporomandibular actually means 'of the temporal bone and the mandible'. The temporal bone is the skull bone on the side of the head. The mandible is the lower jaw and chin bone. The temporomandibular joint connects these two bones. If you place your fingers just in front of your ears and open your mouth, you can feel the TMJ joint. It is a complex one known as a condyle, or a specialized hinge, near the ear that allows the mouth to open and close and coordinates chewing. When there is a problem that prevents this condyle joint and it surrounding muscles, ligaments and bones to function properly, they become misaligned and can result in TMD (temporomandibular Disorder).
It is estimated that nearly 25% of the U.S. population suffers from some form of TMD, although most are not treated. Often TMD goes undiagnosed because it is stress-induced and doesn't show up in normal medical testing. Signs of TM disorders include
Pain in and around the ear Jaw tenderness Difficulty when opening the mouth
Popping or clicking when one opens and closes the mouth 'Locked' jaws
Pain when yawning or chewing Blurred vision Headaches and earaches
It is important to get a complete evaluation with your dentist or other health professional. This will ensure that you get the proper treatment for your particular problem.
What is Bruxism?
Bruxism is the habit of clenching and grinding your teeth. Often, you may not realize you're doing this because bruxing is common when you are asleep. The clenching and grinding habits are often a response to stress. They are taxing to the muscles and joints causing them to spasm. The spasming leads to more tenderness and in turn more spasming. These temporomandibular disorders will often lead to earaches, headaches, jaw tenderness and other facial pain.
How Can Biofeedback Help?
Most of the research on TMD suggests that the best treatment is the one that is the least invasive. Because biofeedback training is a technique that teaches people to control tension throughout various parts of the body, it can be very helpful in regulating the arousal level of the jaw muscles. Once the origin and effect of the disorder is determined, biofeedback therapy will train you to discern where and how the muscular arousal occurs. You will then learn how to relax the muscles in order to alleviate future muscular stress. This, along with eating soft foods, applying heat or cold pack and avoiding straining the joint by wide yawning or gum chewing will alleviate strain and reduce any future injury to the TMJ.
Resources:
Taking Control of TMJ : Your Total Wellness Program for Recovering from Tempromandibular Joint Pain, Whiplash, Fibromyalgia, and Related Disorders; Robert O. Uppgaard DDS, Robert O. Uppgaard, New Harbinger Press ISBN 1-57224-126-8
Temporomandibular Joint and Masticatory Muscle Disorders; George A.Zarb,Gunnar E. Carlsson, Barry J. Sessle & Norman D. Mohl, Eds, Mosby Publishers ISBN 0-8151-9861-2
www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00337
What are Tension Headaches?
The tension headache emulates from tension in the muscles on and around the scalp, neck and face. Because of postural and/or stress induced habits these muscles become chronically tense. TMD and bruxing can also cause tension headaches. Tension headaches generally start with the feeling of a tight band around the whole head.
What are Migraines?
Migraine headaches are caused by sudden constriction, then dilation of the blood vessels within and surrounding the brain. The vessels constrict due to a message of relaxation, but immediately dilate. It is the sudden change in vascular dimension that causes the strain on the surrounding areas within the brain. The local receptors are stimulated and pain messages are sent. Migraines usually start with pain on one side of the head, usually over an eye.
How can Biofeedback and Neurofeedback help?
In the case of tension headaches, EMG training is used most often. The muscles surrounding the scalp; the frontalis, occipital, masseter, cervical, STM (sternocleidomastoid) and/or the trapezius are responsible. This training teaches how to regain a relaxed state, preventing headache onset.
Because migraine headaches are vascular, the protocol is to begin with hand temperature training to facilitate blood flow toward the peripheral areas and away from the brain.
Once the hand temperature training and/or the EMG training is complete, the neurofeedback protocols can be determined by analyzing the results of a brain map. The brain map will show where the electrical profile has been altered due to excessive and/or reduced activity within the cortical areas. This may show where the headaches are emanating from. Also, this is very important because headaches are often comorbid with other maladies, such as depression and anxiety.
References:
Biofeedback and Somatics; Eleanor Criswell, EdD. Freepersons Press ISBN 0-918236-06-1
Migraine: The Complete Guide; The American Council for Headache Education w/ Lynne M. Constantine & Suzanne Scott. Dell Trade ISBN 0-440-50458-9
The Hormone Headache; Seymour Diamond, M.D. Macmillan ISBN 0-02-008315-7
www.docguide.com/dg.nsf/PrintPrint/7F2DF08060915A1685256632004AEB2C
www.mayoclinic.com/findinformation/diseasesandconditions/invoke.cfm?id=DS00120&
Book List and Reference Materials
(In Alphabetical Order)
A General Theory of Love; Thomas Lewis, M.D., Fari Amini, M.D. & Richard Lannon, M.D.Vintage Books ISBN 0-375-70922-3
A Symphony in the Brain; Jim Robbins. Grove Press ISBN 0-802-1381-95
Anxiety and Panic Attacks : Their Cause and Cure :The Five-Point Life-Plus Program for Conquering Fear;
Robert Handly, Fawcett Books ISBN 0-449-21311-5
Awakening the Spine, The Stress-Free Yoga That Works With The Body To Restore Health, Vitality and Energy; Vanda Scaravelli, Harper San Francisco ISBN 0-06-250762-3
Change Your Brain, Change Your Life: The Breakthrough Program for Conquering Anxiety, Depression, Obsessiveness, Anger, and Impulsiveness; Daniel G. Amen, Random House ISBN 0-8124-2996-5
Biofeedback and Somatics, Toward Personal Evolution; Eleanor Criswell, EdD, Freeperson Press ISBN 0-918236-06-1
Body Wise; Joseph Heller & William A. Henkin. Wingbow Press ISBN 0-914728-73-3
Epilepsy and Seizures: Everything You Need to Know (Your Personal Health); Donald F., Dr Weaver, Firefly Press ISBN 1-55209-452-9
Healing and the Mind; Bill Moyers, Doubleday ISBN 0-385-47687-6
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Myofascial Pain: A Survival Manual (2nd Edition); Devin J. Starlanyl, Mary Ellen Copeland, New Harbinger Press ISBN 1-57224-238-8
Learning Disabilities : Theories, Diagnosis, and Teaching Strategies; Janet W. Lerner
Learning Outside the Lines : Two Ivy League Students with Learning Disabilities and ADHD Give You the Tools for Academic Success and Educational Revolution; Jonathan Mooney, David Cole, Simon and Shuster ISBN 0-684-8698-X
Letting Go of Anger : The 10 Most Common Anger Styles and What to Do About Them; Ron Potter-Efron, Pat Potter-Efron, Ronald T. Potter-Efron, Patricia S. Potter-Efron (Contributor), New Harbinger Publishers ISBn 1-57224-001-6
Migraine: The Complete Guide; The American Council for Headache Education w/ Lynne M. Constantine & Suzanne Scott. Dell Trade ISBN 0-440-50458-9
Molecules of Emotion; Candace B. Pert, Simon & Schuster ISBN 0-684-84634-9
No More Sleepless Nights; Peter Hauri & Shirley Linde. John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0471149047
Overcoming Hypertension; Kenneth H. Cooper, M.D. Bantam Books ISBN 0-553-28937-3
Principles and Practice of Stress Management, 2nd Ed.; Ed: Paul M. Lehrer, Robert L. Woolfolk. Guilford Press - ISBN 0-89862-162-3
Psychophysiology, The Mind Body Perspective; Kenneth Hugdahl, Harvard Univ. Press ISBN 0-674-72207-8
Psychophysiology, Human Behavior and Physiological Response 3rd ed; John L. Andreassi, Erlbaum Associates ISBN0-8058-1104-4
The Anxiety & Phobia Workbook; Edmund J. Bourne, New Harbinger Publications ISBN 1-57227-223-X
The Hormone Headache; Seymour Diamond, M.D. Macmillan ISBN 0-02-008315-7
The Relaxation & Stress Reduction Workbook; Martha Davis, Matthew, Ph.D. McKay, Elizabeth Robbins Eshelman, New Harbinger Publishers ISBN 1-57224-214-0
The Relaxation and Stress Reduction Handbook 4th ed. Martha Davis, PhD, Elizabeth Robbins Eshelman, M.S.W. & Matthew McKay, PhD. New Harbinger Publications ISBN 1-879237-82-2
The Repetitive Strain Injury Handbook; Robert M. Simon, M.D. & Ruth Aleskovsky. Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-5930-X
Science of the Heart; Rollin McCraty, PhD, Heartmath Institute ISBN 1-879052-53-9
Seizures and Epilepsy in Childhood: A Guide for Parents; John M. Freeman, Eileen P. G. Vining (Contributor), Diana J. Pillas (Contributor), Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0-8018-5498-9
Sleep Better! : A Guide to Improving Sleep for Children With Special Needs; Vincent Mark Durand. Paul H. Brooks Publishing ISBN 1-55766-315-7
Somatics, Thomas Hanna. Perseus Books ISBN 0-201-07979-8
Stress Diet and Your Heart; Dean Ornish. Signet ISBN 0-141-17113-6
Taking Charge of Fibromyalgia;
Julie Kelly, M.S., R.N., and Rosalie
Devonshire, B.A., M.S.W., LISW
Edited by Thomas J. Romano, M.D., Ph.D, FACP, FACR, Abbott Northwestern Hospital
ISBN 0-9665774-0-X
Taking Control of TMJ : Your Total Wellness Program for Recovering from Tempromandibular Joint Pain, Whiplash, Fibromyalgia, and Related Disorders; Robert O. Uppgaard DDS, Robert O. Uppgaard, New Harbinger Press ISBN 1-57224-126-8
Temporomandibular Joint and Masticatory Muscle Disorders; George A. Zarb,Gunnar E. Carlsson, Barry J. Sessle & Norman D. Mohl, Eds, Mosby Publishers ISBN 0-8151-9861-2
Undoing Depression : What Therapy Doesn't Teach You and Medication Can't Give You; Richard O'Connor, Richard O'Conner, Berkeley Press ISBN 0-425-16679-1
Winter Blues; Norman E. Rosenthal, Guilford Press ISBN 1-57230-395-6
Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers; Robert M. Sapolsky. Barnes and Noble Books ISBN 0-7607-2214-5
www.angelfire.com/ny/Debsimms/add.html#LD
http://braintrain.com/captains_log/captains_log_home.htm
www.ciesin.org/docs/001-338/001-338.html
www.depressionalliance.org/Contents/index.htm
www.docguide.com/dg.nsf/PrintPrint/7F2DF08060915A1685256632004AEB2C
www.fiu.edu/~capp/#Child%20Anxiety%20&%20Phobia%20Problems
www.fmnetnews.com/pages/researchPack.htm
www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00337
www.mayoclinic.com/findinformation/diseasesandconditions/invoke.cfm?id=DS00195
www.mayoclinic.com/findinformation/diseasesandconditions/invoke.cfm?id=DS00342
www.mayoclinic.com/findinformation/diseasesandconditions/invoke.cfm?id=DS00120&
www.mentalhelp.net/poc/center_index.php?id=1
www.medtronic.com/reveal/seizures/cause.html
www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm#b
www.nida.nih.gov/PODAT/PODATindex.html
www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/carpal_doc.htm#What_is_Carpal_Tunnel_Syndrome
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/seizures.html
www.psycom.net/depression.central.special.html
www.queendom.com/tests/personality/anger_access.html
Disclaimer: This web site is intended to be informational and is in no way meant to diagnose. The appropriate professional can assess your medical, psychological and spiritual needs.
